INFLUENCE OF RELATIVISTIC EFFECTS ON HYDRATION AND HYDROLYSIS OF RUTHERFORDIUM, DUBNIUM AND SOME 6-TH ROW ELEMENT CATIONS

A. Bilewicz, S. Siekierski

Department of Radiochemistry, Institute Of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 16 Dorodna Str., 03-195 Warsaw, Poland


New evidence for the influence of relativistic effects on coordination number, CN, and hydrolysis of Rf4+ and Db5+ aqua ions has been presented. It has been argued that very strong hydrolysis of the heaviest members of Groups 12, 13 is caused by the low CN of Hg2+ and Tl3+ in their aqua ions. Low CN is the result of relativistic effects which stabilize the 6s orbital, increasing thereby the respective promotion energy. That supports our previous view that strong hydrolysis of RFaq4+ much greater than that of HFaq4+ and Zraq4+, is also a result of lower CN. Since the promotion energy for sp3d4 hybridization (CN 8) seems to be close to that of sp3d2 hybridization (CN 6), and since hydration energies of Zr4+ Hf4+ and Rf4+ do not differ very much for hexa- and octahydrates the two aqua ions i.e., M(H2O)64+ and M(H2O)84+ may coexist in aqueous acid solutions. lHowever, due to relativistic stabization of 7s and destabilization of 6d orbitals, which increases promotion energy, the Rf4+ aqua cation should show coordination number 6 rather than 8. A shift of equilibrium toward a lower hydrate increases the tendency to hydrolyse.